INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN INDIA: R&D refers to range of activities from invention and innovation to product/process development, up gradation, modification, absorption of acquired technology, within the framework of technology management.
The development of science and technology has been receiving continuing attention of government at the highest level in India. However, this development has been based more on science the technology. On the industrial scene, the Indian industry accounting for almost one-third of total production, has been generally operating under controlled and regulated economy, in other words, assured markets. The industry did not generally realize the real need for international competitiveness in most of the sectors. It, therefore, did not give adequate attention and also did not make adequate investments in technology. Indian companies have been able to develop and produce products for internationally competitive markets. Tata Automobiles, Amul Food, certain drugs and chemicals produced by some firms are some examples where Indian companies have excelled. Similarly some of the R&D institutions have developed and commercialized technologies in areas such as drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food technology, computer software etc.
At present there are nearly 1300 in-house R&D units having valid recognition from the Departments of Scientific & Industrial Research. A sector-wise break up of these industrial R&D units is given below:
Chemical & Allied Industries 350
Electrical & Electronics Industries 350
Mechanical Industries 225
Processing Industries 300
Agro industries and others 75
______
Total 1300
______
Directory of Selected research establishments in India:
1. Aeronautical Development Establishment, Bangalore.
2. Agricultural Tools Research centre, Gujarat.
3. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
4. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Bombay
5. Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, New Delhi
6. Birla Institute of Technology and science, Pilani
7. Cancer Research Institute, Maharastra
8. Central Avian Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh
9. Central Drug Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh
10. Central Food Technological Research institute, My sore
11. Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin
12. Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai
13. Central Mining Research station, Dhanbad
14. Central tobacco research Institute, Andhra Pradesh
15. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. New Delhi
16. Department of ocean development, New Delhi
17. Department of Atomic Energy, Andhra Pradesh
18. Defense Research and Development Organization, New Delhi
19. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bangalore
20. Hindustan Lever Research Centre, Bombay
21. Hindustan Cables Limited, Hyderabad
22. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
23. Indian Space research Organization, Bangalore
24. ISRO Satellite Station Bangalore
25. National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore
26. National Diary Research Institute, Haryana
27. National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi
28. National institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
29. Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
30. Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubeneswar, Hyderabad, Trivandrum
31. Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh
32. Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore.
33. Tea Research Association, Assam
34. Volta’s Limited Agro-Industrial Product Division, Bombay
35. Zoological Survey of India Eastern Regional Station, Meghalaya
Friday, December 14, 2007
TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION: It refers to the changes in the performance characteristics of a specific technology over time. Performance characteristics refer to a characteristic of interest to the designer of a product or the user of specific technology. For example, optical fibers deliver better quality voice messages than the cables traditionally used by telephone companies.
There are six major characteristics of technology change.
1) S-curve of technology evolution
2) technology progression
3) levels of technology development
4) technology change events
5) evolutionary characteristics of technological change
6) uncertainty and technological insularity
S CURVE OF TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION:
There are four major stages in the evolution of a performance characteristic:
1. Emergence, when the technology has come into existence but shows little improvement in its performance characteristic.
2. Rapid improvement, when the performance characteristic improves at an accelerating pace.
3. Declining improvement, when the pace of improvement declines and
4. Maturity, when further improvements become very difficult to achieve.
S-Curve: A General Form: e.g. Evolution of personal computer microprocessor speed
S-curve General Form
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION:
It describes the process by which new technologies emerge to make existing technologies obsolete. First, radical breakthroughs appear to be a matter of chance. The reason for this is that determinants of new technologies generally tend to be numerous and extremely varied. Second, technological progression is also the result of an accumulation of relevant know-ho or learning. So technology evolution and technology progression represent two faces of technology innovation. Technology evolution represents the incremental evolution of technology over time.
Once a technology has reached its full potential, rapid improvements in performance characteristics will have to wait until a radical breakthrough in technology occurs. During later stages of evolution, technology limits come into play, and improvements in performance characteristics become lesser.
LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT;
1. Research is often conducted without a practical application or a problem at hand.
2. A lengthy period often occurs between and invention in basic research and its application in the form of innovation.
3. Major technological advances require not just one innovation but a cluster of innovations.
TECHNOLOGY CHANGE AGENTS:
Government institutions such as NASA- or independent research institutes.
Independent entrepreneurs, business firms, and some governmental agencies play leading roles in applied research and commercialization.
EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE:
The existence of different types of innovations---incremental, modular, architectural and radical—and simultaneous development of innovation at multiple levels by numerous change agents bestow evolutionary characteristics on technological development.
UNCERTAINITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSULARITY:
* Individuals working on innovation task should concern the following things:
* the performance of innovation they are seeking to create or adopt;
* Materials and components they are fabricating into the innovation; Competitor’s innovations, government policies affecting their proposed innovation;
· The problems faced by consumers in the market and how the proposed innovation might help to solve certain perceived problems.
Technological insularity leads to two characteristics of technological changes.
1) Spatial clustering: It refers to the occurrence of innovations in clusters around certain regions of a country.
There are six major characteristics of technology change.
1) S-curve of technology evolution
2) technology progression
3) levels of technology development
4) technology change events
5) evolutionary characteristics of technological change
6) uncertainty and technological insularity
S CURVE OF TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION:
There are four major stages in the evolution of a performance characteristic:
1. Emergence, when the technology has come into existence but shows little improvement in its performance characteristic.
2. Rapid improvement, when the performance characteristic improves at an accelerating pace.
3. Declining improvement, when the pace of improvement declines and
4. Maturity, when further improvements become very difficult to achieve.
S-Curve: A General Form: e.g. Evolution of personal computer microprocessor speed
S-curve General Form
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION:
It describes the process by which new technologies emerge to make existing technologies obsolete. First, radical breakthroughs appear to be a matter of chance. The reason for this is that determinants of new technologies generally tend to be numerous and extremely varied. Second, technological progression is also the result of an accumulation of relevant know-ho or learning. So technology evolution and technology progression represent two faces of technology innovation. Technology evolution represents the incremental evolution of technology over time.
Once a technology has reached its full potential, rapid improvements in performance characteristics will have to wait until a radical breakthrough in technology occurs. During later stages of evolution, technology limits come into play, and improvements in performance characteristics become lesser.
LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT;
1. Research is often conducted without a practical application or a problem at hand.
2. A lengthy period often occurs between and invention in basic research and its application in the form of innovation.
3. Major technological advances require not just one innovation but a cluster of innovations.
TECHNOLOGY CHANGE AGENTS:
Government institutions such as NASA- or independent research institutes.
Independent entrepreneurs, business firms, and some governmental agencies play leading roles in applied research and commercialization.
EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE:
The existence of different types of innovations---incremental, modular, architectural and radical—and simultaneous development of innovation at multiple levels by numerous change agents bestow evolutionary characteristics on technological development.
UNCERTAINITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSULARITY:
* Individuals working on innovation task should concern the following things:
* the performance of innovation they are seeking to create or adopt;
* Materials and components they are fabricating into the innovation; Competitor’s innovations, government policies affecting their proposed innovation;
· The problems faced by consumers in the market and how the proposed innovation might help to solve certain perceived problems.
Technological insularity leads to two characteristics of technological changes.
1) Spatial clustering: It refers to the occurrence of innovations in clusters around certain regions of a country.
2) Temporal clustering: It refers to the occurrence of innovations in clusters around particular points in time. For ex, developments in semiconductor technology have led to developments in computers, electronics and hardwares.
Thursday, December 13, 2007
STRATEGIC ISSUES IN TECH MGT
STRATEGIC ISSUES IN TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT:
Traditionally business firms are defined by markets they serve. Who are our customers?
What are their needs? During 1970’s and 1980’s management were concentrated on industry environment of the firm, its competitive rivals and how to satisfy customers. This perspective is known as market-based perspective. It tends to play the role of internal capabilities of firm.
In recent year resource-based views of firm have been developed. It depends upon the bundle of resources, capabilities which are more stable and used for long-term decision-making.
DIMENSION
MARKET-BASED
RESOURCE-BASED
Drivers of strategy
Customers and Competitors
Unique resources
Derivatives
Resources
Market opportunities
Strategy profile
Positional
Core competencies
Appropriate contexts
Nature Markets
Dynamic markets
The general technology development strategy principles can be kept in view:
i) It is important to be selective in self-development of technology. Emphasis should be given to total integration of all activities in the technology production chain to achieve self-reliance.
ii) In selecting areas of development, a country can be inward-looking in some areas and outward-looking in some other areas.
iii) Import substitution can only be a temporary strategy.
iv) In the technology production chain, a number of activities involving basic and applied research can be undertaken, but it is important to be able to discard some of the non-productive projects and concentrate, from time to time, upon those which have high commercial potential.
v) Technology development is best achieved through collective effort. Individuality, which tends to aim at being unique rather than practical, should be minimized.
Traditionally business firms are defined by markets they serve. Who are our customers?
What are their needs? During 1970’s and 1980’s management were concentrated on industry environment of the firm, its competitive rivals and how to satisfy customers. This perspective is known as market-based perspective. It tends to play the role of internal capabilities of firm.
In recent year resource-based views of firm have been developed. It depends upon the bundle of resources, capabilities which are more stable and used for long-term decision-making.
DIMENSION
MARKET-BASED
RESOURCE-BASED
Drivers of strategy
Customers and Competitors
Unique resources
Derivatives
Resources
Market opportunities
Strategy profile
Positional
Core competencies
Appropriate contexts
Nature Markets
Dynamic markets
The general technology development strategy principles can be kept in view:
i) It is important to be selective in self-development of technology. Emphasis should be given to total integration of all activities in the technology production chain to achieve self-reliance.
ii) In selecting areas of development, a country can be inward-looking in some areas and outward-looking in some other areas.
iii) Import substitution can only be a temporary strategy.
iv) In the technology production chain, a number of activities involving basic and applied research can be undertaken, but it is important to be able to discard some of the non-productive projects and concentrate, from time to time, upon those which have high commercial potential.
v) Technology development is best achieved through collective effort. Individuality, which tends to aim at being unique rather than practical, should be minimized.
TECH LIFE CYCLE
TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE: It denotes a period of time during which a particular technology after the has been introduced becomes obsolete or is overtaken by an new technology and hence its utility or returns start declining.
There are four stages of technology life cycle.
1. INNOVATION STATGE: This stage represents the birth of a new product, material or process resulting from R&D activities. In R&D laboratories, new ideas are generated by ‘need pull’ and ‘knowledge push’ factors. Depending upon the resource allocation and also the change element, the time taken in the innovation stage as well as in the subsequent stages varies widely.
2. SYNDICATION STAGE: This stage represents the demonstration (pilot production) and commercialization of a new technology (product, material or process) with potential for immediate Utilization. Many innovations are shelved in R&D laboratories. Only a very small percentage of these are commercialized. Commercialization of research outcomes depends on technical as well as non-technical factors.
3. DIFFUSION STAGE: This represents the market penetration of a new technology through acceptance of the innovation by potential users of the technology. But supply and demand side factors jointly influence the rate of diffusion.
4. SUBSTIUTION STAGE: This stage represents the decline in the use and eventual extension of a technology due to replacement by another technology. Many technical and non-technical factors influence the r rate of substitution. The time taken in the substitution stage depends on the market dynamics.
There are four stages of technology life cycle.
1. INNOVATION STATGE: This stage represents the birth of a new product, material or process resulting from R&D activities. In R&D laboratories, new ideas are generated by ‘need pull’ and ‘knowledge push’ factors. Depending upon the resource allocation and also the change element, the time taken in the innovation stage as well as in the subsequent stages varies widely.
2. SYNDICATION STAGE: This stage represents the demonstration (pilot production) and commercialization of a new technology (product, material or process) with potential for immediate Utilization. Many innovations are shelved in R&D laboratories. Only a very small percentage of these are commercialized. Commercialization of research outcomes depends on technical as well as non-technical factors.
3. DIFFUSION STAGE: This represents the market penetration of a new technology through acceptance of the innovation by potential users of the technology. But supply and demand side factors jointly influence the rate of diffusion.
4. SUBSTIUTION STAGE: This stage represents the decline in the use and eventual extension of a technology due to replacement by another technology. Many technical and non-technical factors influence the r rate of substitution. The time taken in the substitution stage depends on the market dynamics.
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT MODULE 1
LECTURE NOTES.
TECHNOLOGY DEFINITION:
· The branch of knowledge that deals with industrial arts, science and engineering.
· The terminology of an art or science.
· A technology process, invention, method.
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT DEFINITION:
It is the capacity of a firm, a group or society to master management of the factors that condition technical change so as to improve its economic, social and cultural environment and wealth.
Management of technology links engineering, science and management principle to plan to develop and to implement technological capabilities to shape and accomplish strategic and operational goals of an organization.
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT:
· Individuals develop ideas, theories or perspectives tat are known to them or groups which they belong. This knowledge is derived from their experiences or imagination.
· The second level consists of tacit knowledge that is verified and codified through scientific process of experimentation.
· Finally the level of development i.e. knowledge is put into use----- Physically embodied in products and services.
Idea generation
Idea documentation and Evaluation within
Each functional group
Idea evaluation and recommendation by
Category Review teams (marketing, sales, operations etc)
Multi-dimensional analysis (Break down of projects into
High, medium and low risk, Short medium and long term,
Low medium and high impact)
Portfolio Balance analysis By Senior review team (chief
Operating officer)
Gap identification and closure planning
Process improvements analysis and planning
For the next cycle.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGY:
· Opportunity: Tech. Development takes place when human-beings perceive an opportunity for improvement due to economic reasons.
· Appropriability: Tech. development takes place due to economic motives, individuals will pursue development when there is a reasonable assurance that their fruitful work will flow back to developers.
· Transferability: Tech. development takes place when there is smooth knowledge transfer.
· Resources: Tech. development takes place when there is consumption of resources such as money, time, people, and collateral assets.
GROWTH/ EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES:
1950-------------à 1970------------------à 1980----------------------------------------à 1990’s
R&D -----------à Management---------à Technology ----------------------------àValue based
Management of innovation strategy Management
Era of plentiful --------------------à ß------------------------------- ------------Era of
Resources Accountability
LECTURE NOTES.
TECHNOLOGY DEFINITION:
· The branch of knowledge that deals with industrial arts, science and engineering.
· The terminology of an art or science.
· A technology process, invention, method.
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT DEFINITION:
It is the capacity of a firm, a group or society to master management of the factors that condition technical change so as to improve its economic, social and cultural environment and wealth.
Management of technology links engineering, science and management principle to plan to develop and to implement technological capabilities to shape and accomplish strategic and operational goals of an organization.
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT:
· Individuals develop ideas, theories or perspectives tat are known to them or groups which they belong. This knowledge is derived from their experiences or imagination.
· The second level consists of tacit knowledge that is verified and codified through scientific process of experimentation.
· Finally the level of development i.e. knowledge is put into use----- Physically embodied in products and services.
Idea generation
Idea documentation and Evaluation within
Each functional group
Idea evaluation and recommendation by
Category Review teams (marketing, sales, operations etc)
Multi-dimensional analysis (Break down of projects into
High, medium and low risk, Short medium and long term,
Low medium and high impact)
Portfolio Balance analysis By Senior review team (chief
Operating officer)
Gap identification and closure planning
Process improvements analysis and planning
For the next cycle.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGY:
· Opportunity: Tech. Development takes place when human-beings perceive an opportunity for improvement due to economic reasons.
· Appropriability: Tech. development takes place due to economic motives, individuals will pursue development when there is a reasonable assurance that their fruitful work will flow back to developers.
· Transferability: Tech. development takes place when there is smooth knowledge transfer.
· Resources: Tech. development takes place when there is consumption of resources such as money, time, people, and collateral assets.
GROWTH/ EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES:
1950-------------à 1970------------------à 1980----------------------------------------à 1990’s
R&D -----------à Management---------à Technology ----------------------------àValue based
Management of innovation strategy Management
Era of plentiful --------------------à ß------------------------------- ------------Era of
Resources Accountability
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